Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. IV: Diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 1984;91:1464-74.
Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. The 14-year incidence of visual loss in a diabetic population. Ophthalmology 1998;105:998-1003.
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 4th ed. Brussels, Belgium: IDF Executive Office; 2009. Available at: http://www.diabetesatlas.org/. Accessed April 20, 2011.
Javitt JC, Aiello LP, Chiang Y, et al. Preventive eye care in people with diabetes is cost-saving to the federal government: implications for health-care reform. Diabetes Care 1994; 17:909 -17.
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103:1796 -806.
Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network; Elman MJ, Aiello LP, Beck RW, et al. Randomized trial evaluating Ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2010;117:1064-77.
Cunha-Vaz J, Faria de Abreu JR, Campos AJ. Early break- down of the bloodretinal barrier in diabetes. Br J Ophthalmol 1975; 59:649 -56.
Qaum T, Xu Q, Joussen AM, et al. VEGF-initiated blood-retinal barrier breakdown in early diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42:2408 -13.
Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al, RESTORE Study Group. The RESTORE Study: Ranibizumabmonotherapy or combined with laser versus laser mono-therapy for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2011;118:615-25.
Brown DM, Kaiser PK, Michels M, et al. Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1432 -1444.
Brown DM, Michels M, Kaiser PK, et al. Ranibizumab versus verteporfin photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Twoyear results of the ANCHOR study. ANCHOR Study Group. Ophthalmology 2009;116:57-65.
Nguyen Q, Brown D, Marcus D. Ranibizumab for Diabetic Macular Edema Results from 2 Phase III Randomized Trials: RISE and RIDE. Oftalmology 2012; 119:789
Martin DF, Maguire MG, Ying GS, et al. Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2011; 364 (20): 1897- 1908.
Michaelides M, Kaines A, Hamilton R, et al. A Prospective Randomized Trial of Intravitreal Bevacizumab or Laser Therapy in the Management of Diabetic Macular Edema (BOLT Study) Ophthalmology 2010;117:1078-1086.
Haller J, Kuppermann B, Blumenkranz M. Randomized Controlled Trial of an Intravitreous Dexamethasone Drug Delivery System in Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2010; 128:289 -296.
Boyer D, Faber D, Gupta S, et al. Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant for Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema in Vitrectomized Patients. Retina 2011; 31:915 -923.
Campochiaro P, Brown D, Pearson A, et al. Sustained Delivery Fluocinolone Acetonide Vitreous Inserts Provide Benefit for at Least 3 Years in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmology 2012 Article in Press.
Holash J, Davis S, Papadopoulos N, et al. VEGF-Trap: A VEGF blocker with potent antitumor effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:11393-8.
Rakic JM, Lambert V, Devy L, et al. Placental growth factor, a member of the VEGF family, contributes to the development of choroidal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44:3186 -93.
D, Nguyen Q, Boyer D, et al. One-Year Outcomes of the DA VINCI Study of VEGF Trap-Eye in Eyes with Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmology 2012.